The main combinations of keywords used for the search were: sepsis/septic shock AND anakinra/TNF/IL-6/TREM-1 AND clinical trials; immunoparalysis AND sepsis/septic shock AND interferon-gamma/PD-1/anti-PD-1/IL-7 AND clinical trials; sepsis/septic shock AND vascular endothelium AND clinical trials; and sepsis AND extracorporeal removal AND clinical trials, where IL-1 refers to interleukin 1, TREM-1 is triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 and PD-1 is programmed death protein 1. The gene discussed is IL1A; the disease is septic shock.