VEGFA and malaria: We observed generally low detectable relative expression levels of VEGF across malaria infection status and lower expression levels of ANG-1 and ANG-2 in malaria positive pregnancies than their negative counterparts, but only statistically significant in ANG-1 (P=0.0396) (Figure 6A) Similar findings have been described in the systemic circulation of malaria infected pregnant women, in other populations (39).