ALK and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Unfortunately, NSCLC is associated with a challenging prognosis, evidenced by a five-year survival rate of only 15.9%, which has seen some improvements over recent decades due to approvals of immunotherapy and targeted therapies against specific genes including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML-4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), which have shown greater treatment response and increased survival in early stage and metastatic setting.