Preclinical research using a murine model of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) revealed that combining anti-CD137 agonist antibody with the GVAX vaccine and an anti-PD-1 blockade significantly improved survival, increasing the costimulatory molecule expression of tumor-infiltrating T-cells and boosting activated effector memory T-cells within the tumor microenvironment. Here, TNFRSF9 is linked to neoplasm.