XCL1 and neoplasm: NE are actively recruited to the GBM microenvironment through chemotactic signals such as C-X-C motif chemokine ligands 1, 2 and 8 (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL8) secreted by tumor cells, stromal cells, and infiltrating immune cells, allowing selective NE accumulation at the tumor site [11,12].