Wang also investigated these cationic lipid bilayer NPs loaded with both podophyllotoxin and the microRNA miR-424, the latter being a potential tumor suppressor for non-small-cell lung cancer that upregulates the expression of protein programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) (Scheme 14). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.