IL6 and inflammatory bowel disease: As one of the pathways most closely associated with inflammatory bowel disease, the MAPK signaling pathway activates the transcription factors FOS and C-Jun through the sequential activation of p38, ERK, and JNK, promoting their translocation to the nucleus to form the transcription factor AP-1, which regulates the transcription of inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α [48].