MTOR and fascioliasis: Previous studies have demonstrated that the MAPK, Rap1, PI3K-Akt, and mTOR signaling pathways play an essential role in regulating pathogen entry through biological processes in cattle infected with various pathogens, such as herpesvirus type 1 [18], type 4 infection [19], mycoplasma infection [20], hepatitis E virus [21], bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected [22], Fasciola hepatica infection [23], and parainfluenza virus [24].