The initial response of TCRγδ+ T-IELs to infections such as Salmonella Typhimurium and Toxoplasma gondii is independent of TCR signaling, which is demonstrated by the inability of TCR signaling inhibitors, targeting Zap70/Syk kinases, and TCR signaling-blocking antibodies to alter their migration and defensive responses during the infections. This evidence concerns the gene ZAP70 and infection.