INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: This aspect has relevant clinical implications, since the persistence of detectable serum C-peptide levels has been associated with various clinical benefits throughout the course of T1D, including better glucose control, lower total daily insulin requirements, lower risk of hypoglycemia, decreased glycemic variability, reduced risk of chronic complications of diabetes (such as retinopathy and nephropathy), and reduced risk of DKA [28,29,30,31].