ALB and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: This association remained significant even after adjusting for potential confounders, including age, sex, BMI, SBP, HbA1c, eGFR, proteinuria, HDL-C, serum calcium, serum albumin, CRP and education level, economic status, alcohol consumption, smoking status, MET, history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), previous cancer history, and COPD history (Table 3).