This association remained significant even after adjusting for potential confounders, including age, sex, BMI, SBP, HbA1c, eGFR, proteinuria, HDL-C, serum calcium, serum albumin, CRP and education level, economic status, alcohol consumption, smoking status, MET, history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), previous cancer history, and COPD history (Table 3). This evidence concerns the gene ALB and cancer.