TNF and autism: Although some researchers find no evidence of inflammation in individuals with autism [49], a meta-analysis based on 37 cytokines from 289 studies provides evidence for an abnormal cytokine profile in ASD, showing that IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12p70, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), eotaxin-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8, IL-7, IL-2, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-17 and IL-4 are elevated in autism [47].