TNF and diabetes mellitus: The risk factors for CAC progression in pre-dialysis patients with CKD in previous reports include diabetes mellitus, decline in GFR, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha reported by Bundy et al. [11], diabetes mellitus reported by Kestenbaum et al. [12], and serum phosphate reported by Russo et al. [8].