TNF and metabolic syndrome: Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia result in the elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and C-reactive protein (CRP) which, in turn, increase the risk of diabetes and vascular complications [21,52,53,54].