INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: GDM and T2DM also share the same metabolic abnormalities, such as increased insulin resistance, decreased insulin secretion, and altered levels of adipokines like adiponectin [6,8,9,10], and consequently, 40% of women with a history of GDM will develop T2DM in the next 15 years after a pregnancy affected by GDM [7].