INS and gestational diabetes: Women with GDM had a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.0001), higher BMI (p < 0.0001), higher insulin resistance homeostatic model assessment (IR-HOMA) (p = 0.0002), higher insulin levels (p = 0.003), and lower adiponectin levels (p = 0.004) at birth compared to pregnant women with normoglycemia.