IL32 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: This study, which included 125 individuals with obesity, emphasized that the PNLA3 I48M variant was a significant modifier of the liver transcriptome and that interleukin-32 was the most strongly upregulated transcript in severe NAFLD (defined as the presence of steatohepatitis, NAFLD activity score ≥ 4 or fibrosis stage ≥ 2).