MVP and hepatocellular carcinoma: MVP’s upregulation serves as a prognostic biomarker [113] for chemo and radiotherapy resistance and is associated with poor outcomes across various solid tumors like melanoma [121], ovarian cancer [84], cervical cancer [96], NSCLC [122], oropharyngeal [15], oral squamous cell carcinoma [86], HCC [123], and prostate cancer [98], and blood cancers such as AML [85] and multiple myeloma [13].