TGFB1 and parasitic infectious disease: In addition, another study found that T. cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes induced host blood cells and THP-1, both in vitro and in vivo, to release MVs involved in inhibiting complement-mediated lysis, through interference with C3 convertase cleavage on the surface of T. cruzi, and increased cell invasion and parasitemia via TGF-β carried in the MVs [36].