PPARGC1A and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: However, the 15-week treadmill exercise significantly upregulated the mRNA levels of PGC-1α and its downstream transcription factors NRD1, TFAM, and TFB2M in heart tissues, promoted the expression of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, and improved myocardial mitochondrial function, thus alleviating the cardiac dysfunction of DCM [135].