INS and gestational diabetes: Fetuses of GDM mothers undergoing insulin therapy exhibited a smaller CC measurement compared to both the control and the GDM groups managed with diet. Similarly, after adjusting for HC, the depth of the CV was reduced in fetuses with GDM managed by insulin therapy and diet compared to the control group. Post-hoc analysis indicated that fetuses of GDM mothers requiring insulin had significantly lower values for SF, POF, and CF.