TNF and hyperinsulinism: On the contrary, Atègbo et al. [18] found that the macrosomic offspring of GDM mothers exhibit hyperinsulinemia, low leptin, low adiponectin, low tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6, and an upregulated Th1 phenotype of T cells compared with the normoponderal newborns of control mothers.