INS and gestational diabetes: Balachandiran et al. [19] concluded that decreased maternal adiponectin and increased insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in the third trimester of pregnancy may have led to heightened glucose transporter protein 1 (GLUT-1) expression due to the increased activation of insulin/IGF-1 signaling in the placentas of women with GDM, which could have influenced fetal growth.