In a comparative analysis of ACS and APS, APS contained higher concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1Ra, sIL-1RII, sTNF-RI, and sTNF-RII) and anabolic growth factors (PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB, TGF-β, and EGF), as well as lower levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) compared to ACS [149,154]. Here, TNF is linked to autoimmune polyendocrinopathy.