MTOR and neoplasm: For example, Fusobacterium nucleatum has been associated with increased radioresistance, potentially by upregulating DNA repair enzymes such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and activating autophagy-related signaling pathways, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which promote tumor cell survival under RT-induced stress [42,46].