INS and Other metabolic disease: In context of interconnected mechanisms in metabolic disorders, many key biomarkers have gained attention, including homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), total cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL), and triglycerides (TGs) (Table 1).