Β-Hydroxybutyrate, a ketone metabolite, has also been shown to attenuate production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 by NLPR3 activation without eliciting any off-target immunosuppressive effects and thus provides a means through which the effects of this inflammasome complex can be dampened among cases of PD [49]. This evidence concerns the gene IL18 and Parkinson disease.