Hence, neuro-oncologists have tried to replicate the clinical successes obtained when antibodies targeted against PD-1 or its ligands were used to treat immunogenic tumours such as melanomas, renal cell carcinomas, bladder cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and non-small-cell lung cancer [87,88,89,90,91,92]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.