PON1 and aortic stenosis: Several different activities of PON-1 were described with research mainly focusing on PON-1 paraoxonase (PON-1 ASE) and arylesterase activity (PON-1 ARE), and their role in the development of cardiovascular disease [19] Z. Wang has demonstrated, on over hundred patients who underwent AVR, that a lower PON-1 level in aortic valve tissue may be associated with the progression of calcification in AS [20].