TXN and retinal degeneration: Furthermore, sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate from cruciferous vegetables, has demonstrated therapeutic effects in retinal degeneration models by activating NRF2, which upregulates antioxidant proteins like thioredoxin (TXN), thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) [133].