Two of the commonest mutations identified in patients with de novo AML, with significant impacts on prognosis, are the mutations in the nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) gene and internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene [5,6,7,8,9], with the presence of isolated NPM1 mutation being associated with favourable prognosis and the presence of FLT3-ITD mutation adversely affecting the outcomes. The gene discussed is NPM1; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.