CCL4 and neoplasm: NEMs produce molecules that contribute to the stabilization of tumor blood vessels (such as transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor-B, and stromal cell-derived factor-1) and chemokines with anti-tumor activity (C-C motif chemokine ligand [CCL]2, CCL4, CCL5, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand [CXCL]9, CXCL10, etc.), thereby inhibiting tumor growth [44].