VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: For example, in the most common and aggressive RCC subtype, clear cell RCC (ccRCC), the inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene leads to the stabilisation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) with the downstream activation of angiogenesis and glycolysis and the suppression of the oxidative metabolic pathways [8].