ATF4 and metabolic disease: Results indicated that as compared with the control group, farnesol treatment under TM-induced ER stress significantly reduced ER stress markers such as ATF4, restored metabolic gene expression (SREBP1c, CPT1A, PEPCK), improved antioxidant indices (SOD, GSH), mitigated lipid droplet accumulation, and stabilized serum lipid profiles, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for metabolic disorders linked to ER stress.