Consequently, understanding the dual nature of the UPR, particularly through the actions of ATF4, is crucial for identifying potential therapeutic targets in stress-related diseases, including metabolic diseases and liver-related pathologies like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD) [12], neurodegenerative diseases [10], and cardiovascular diseases [13]. Here, ATF4 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.