TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Since melatonin can scavenge free radicals and downregulate inflammation (reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as pro-inflammatory interleukins, TNF-α, and IFN-1), it can modulate the immune system and minimize apoptosis, adipose tissue mass, insulin resistance, blood pressure, LDL-c, body weight, waist circumference, endothelial dysfunction, and plaque formation.