KRAS and pancreatic neoplasm: In pancreatic cancer, a mutation in Ras, most frequently in KRAS, is observed in >85% of pancreatic tumors, which results in a constitutively active Ras, which, in addition to activating PAKs, can activate the MAPK, PI3K, Hedgehog, Wnt and Notch signaling cascades, all of which can affect growth/proliferation [27,75,217,218,219].