VWF and endothelial dysfunction: The key indicators of endothelial dysfunction, such as the von Willebrand factor (VWF), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and soluble adhesion molecules including sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, and E-selectin, not only reflect vascular injury but also underline the inflammatory and oxidative processes contributing to microvascular impairment [34].