TM4SF4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Essentially, the localization of TM4SF4 in the bile duct canaliculi of the hepatocytes where immune cells are unable to access, suggests a lower likelihood of off-tumor effects when anti-TM4SF4 therapies are locally administered near HCC tumor sites; 3) The potential roles of TM4SF4 in mitochondrial-mediated oncogenic effects in HCCs require experimental verification.