In insulin-resistant adults with T1D on CSII or multiple insulin injections, endurance exercise training (cycle ergometer, 1 hour per day, 4 times per week, or walking/jogging, ball games, gymnastics for 1 hour/day, 2-3 times per week) improved the sensitivity of glucose disposal to insulin (20-60%, euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamps) and aerobic capacity (8%), lowered total daily insulin dose (8-16%), increased HDL-cholesterol (6%), and increased the activities of mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase) in muscle (20%), despite unchanged HbA1c levels (327, 328). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.