INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Consequently, the pathogenesis of T1D is characterized by the development of cell-mediated and humoral autoreactive responses with the production of autoantibodies directed against beta cell-derived autoantigens, including insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), insulinoma-associated autoantigen-2 (IA-2) and zinc transporter-8 (ZnT8).