INS and diabetes mellitus: The relationship between microbiota and DM2 is confirmed in several aspects by many studies, e.g., the reviews by Bajinka et al. in 2023 and Ye et al. in 2022, with regard to, e.g., insulin resistance and inflammation, changes in metabolism, modulation of glucose metabolism, and changes in microbiota during the development of DM, although the mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetes itself have not yet been fully clarified.