Furthermore, a 2023 review by Crudele et al. describes how the presence of bacteria such as Bacteroidetes influences microbiota, being Gram-negative bacteria whose presence correlates with increased LPS; there is consequently inflammation precisely in relation to LPS, with production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), which appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance [60]. Here, TNF is linked to Insulin resistance.