FGF23 and kidney failure: In an experimental study utilizing a mice model of chronic kidney disease (CKD), elevations of circulating FGF23 are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, progression of renal failure in CKD and renal allograft loss; moreover in CKD mice model, FGF23 circulating concentration is one of the strongest predictors of mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, suggesting that in this population FGF23 is related to direct cardiovascular toxicity [109].