TPI1 and breast carcinoma: It has been studied that TPI promotes breast cancer growth and migration due to the association with the protein cell division cycle associated 5 (CDCA5) which activates the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and then the pathways AKT/GSK-3β/snail and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) [38].