In human surgical specimens, for example, severe local atherosclerosis correlates with larger prostate volumes and upregulated expression of malondialdehyde (MDA), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and key profibrotic mediators such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) [61]. This evidence concerns the gene FGF2 and atherosclerosis.