TP53 and cancer: (b) CDKN2A(p16, p14ARF) controls cell cycle progression; its silencing leads tounchecked cell division and is associated with aging and cancer [41].(c) PTEN is a phosphatase that plays a pivotal role in negatively regulatingthe PI3K/AKT pathway, preventing uncontrolled cell growth [42].(d) MLH1 is a crucial mismatch repair (MMR) gene, and its silencing resultsin microsatellite instability (MSI) observed in cancers [43].(e) TP53 regulates DNA repair processes, apoptosis, and cancer.