Additionally, EpCAM, a common tumor-associated antigen (TAA) targeted in colon cancer, induces IL-4-dominated T helper (Th)2 responses during Th-cell priming, even under Th1-inducing conditions, promoting tumor growth and undermining the therapeutic efficacy of tumor vaccines aimed at inducing interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ Th1 cells [143]. Here, IFNG is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.