The AB598 monoclonal antibody proved to be effective in suppressing tumor growth by inhibiting CD39 enzymatic activity in the MOLP8 xenograft model and it is currently undergoing Phase I/1b clinical trials, in combination with chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 therapies in solid tumors, including bladder cancer, cervical cancer, and esophageal cancer (NCT05891171) [90]. Here, ENTPD1 is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.