Likewise, other pathways such as cellular senescence, TNF signaling pathway, and JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which are particularly interesting in the context of the lupus pathology, showed a stronger statistical significance in WT PECs than in Cd38-/- PECs in the 2-week vs control comparatives, and remained upregulated in the 4-week comparative in WT, and not in Cd38-/-. Here, CD38 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.