KRAS and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Numerous clinical trials are currently investigating different vaccines targeting specific NSCLC antigens like MAGE-A3, CEA, mesothelin, KRAS proto-oncogene (KRAS), New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1), and telomerase (TERT), as well as immunomodulatory enzymes such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and arginase-1, in lung cancer patients (199, 218).