Further research reveals that PCs, alone or in combination with other phytoalexins, can activate the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway and inhibit the miR-34a/SIRT1/p53 axis, thereby mitigating hyperglycemia-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in retinal cells (Liu et al., 2021) (Figure 9). This evidence concerns the gene SIRT1 and Hyperglycemia.