Additionally, processes involving kappa kinase β (IKK-β), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK-1), protein kinase C (PKC), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-driven serine modification of IRS1 also contribute to insulin resistance, further intensified by free fatty acids, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation (Stergios et al., 2009). Here, MAPK8 is linked to Insulin resistance.