INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX), a producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), acts as a key generator of oxidative stress within pancreatic islet β-cells, significantly affecting glucose-induced insulin release and β-cell viability in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (Eloisa Aparecida et al., 2021).