Dihydrotanshinone I (DHT) targets ESR1, upregulates its expression, and inhibits the expression of the BRCA1 protein, eventually resulting in an increase in DNA double-strand breaks in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, triggering cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which culminated in significant inhibition of the proliferative and invasive capacities of HCC cells (Nie et al., 2024). This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.