INS and Insulin resistance: Common treatments of diabetes namely, type 2- diabetes, involve a mechanism reversing hyperglycemia and include among others metformin and bromocriptine-QR (reduce insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues, improve hepatic insulin sensitivity and reduce hepatic glucose production); sulfonylurea and meglitinides (insulin secretagogues); pramlintide (reduces postprandial stimulated glucagon secretion); glucagon-like peptide-1 (enhances insulin secretion by β-cells and reduces glucagon secretion by the α-cells); and thiazolidinediones (reduces insulin resistance) (Ojo et al., 2023).